Abstract

ELISA, known as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is widely recognized as the most reliable immunoassay method. This technique is highly sensitive and serves the purpose of identifying and
measuring various substances such as hormones, antibodies, antigens, glycoproteins, allergens, and
proteins. The process involves the formation of antibody–antigen complexes that generate a detectableresponse, enabling quantification. In response to encountering foreign substances called “antigens,”the immune system of an individual produces antibodies as a protective response. An antigen is aprotein of foreign origin that, when coupled with an antibody, causes the body to mount an immunereaction. Antibodies have specific regions that bind to antigens. This interaction is used in ELISAtesting and enables the identification of particular protein antigens and antibodies with very littlesample volume. ELISA kits are widely used in the diagnosis of Ebola, pernicious anaemia, acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), rotavirus, Lyme disease, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Zika virus,carcinoma of the epithelial cells, and many other pathologies and therefore play an important role inlife science research.
Keywords: Sandwich ELISA kit, competitive ELISA kit, immunoassay, diagnostic applications,
antibody–antigen complexes
INTRODUCTION
ELISA, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is a fundamental technique used to detect and
quantify hormones, proteins, antibodies, and peptides present in biological samples such as tissue,
blood, plasma, and serum [1]. Antibodies are the proteins produced in blood in response to the
immunogenicity illicit by the specific antigens. It helps in determining the presence of antibodies in
response to a specific infection in the body. When compared to other antibody assays, ELISA has uniqueproperties as it provides qualitative and quantitative results and separates specific and non-specific interactions through serial binding to solid surfaces, which is a polystyrene microtiter plate [2].

Keyworde: Sandwich ELISA kit, competitive ELISA kit, immunoassay, diagnostic applications, antibody–antigen complexes

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